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OCA Oracle ® Database 11g Administrator Certified Associate Study Guide Topics
Contents
Introduction xxv
SQL Fundamentals I Assessment Test xxxv
Administration I Assessment Test li
Part I Oracle Database 11g: SQL Fundamentals I 1
Chapter 1 Introducing SQL 3
SQL Fundamentals 4
SQL Tools: SQL*Plus 6
Oracle Datatypes 15
Operators and Literals 20
Writing Simple Queries 23
Using the SELECT Statement 24
Limiting Rows 28
Sorting Rows 38
Using Expressions 43
Accepting Values at Runtime 47
Using Substitution Variables 47
Saving a Variable for a Session 49
Using Positional Notation for Variables 50
Summary 51
Exam Essentials 52
Review Questions 53
Answers to Review Questions 61
Chapter 2 Using Single-Row Functions 63
Single-Row Function Fundamentals 64
Functions for NULL Handling 65
Using Single-Row Character Functions 68
Character Function Overview 68
Character Function Descriptions 70
Using Single-Row Numeric Functions 80
Numeric Function Overview 80
Numeric Function Descriptions 82
Using Single-Row Date Functions 90
Date-Format Conversion 91
Date-Function Overview 91
Date-Function Descriptions 92
Using Single-Row Conversion Functions 101
Conversion-Function Overview 102
Conversion-Function Descriptions 103
xvi Contents
Using Other Single-Row Functions 123
Miscellaneous-Function Overview 123
Miscellaneous-Function Descriptions 124
Summary 136
Exam Essentials 137
Review Questions 138
Answers to Review Questions 144
Chapter 3 Using Group Functions 147
Group-Function Fundamentals 148
Utilizing Aggregate Functions 149
Grouping Data with GROUP BY 150
Group-Function Overview 154
Group-Function Descriptions: Part 1 156
Group-Function Descriptions: Part 2 163
Limiting Grouped Data with HAVING 176
Creating Superaggregates with CUBE and ROLLUP 177
Nesting Functions 184
Summary 187
Exam Essentials 187
Review Questions 188
Answers to Review Questions 195
Chapter 4 Using Joins and Subqueries 197
Writing Multiple-Table Queries 198
Inner Joins 199
Cartesian Joins 208
Outer Joins 210
Other Multiple-Table Queries 214
Using Set Operators 216
The UNION Operator 217
The UNION ALL Operator 218
The INTERSECT Operator 219
The MINUS Operator 219
Putting It All Together 219
Subqueries 221
Single-Row Subqueries 222
Multiple-Row Subqueries 223
Subquery Returns No Rows 226
Correlated Subqueries 227
Scalar Subqueries 228
Multiple-Column Subqueries 235
Subqueries in Other DML Statements 236
Summary 238
Exam Essentials 238
Contents xvii
Review Questions 240
Answers to Review Questions 249
Chapter 5 Manipulating Data 251
Using DML Statements 252
Inserting Rows into a Table 253
Updating Rows in a Table 259
Deleting Rows from a Table 263
Merging Rows 265
Understanding Transaction Control 267
Savepoints and Partial Rollbacks 269
Data Visibility 271
Summary 274
Exam Essentials 274
Review Questions 276
Answers to Review Questions 285
Chapter 6 Creating Tables and Constraints 287
Database Objects Overview 288
Schema Objects 289
Built-in Datatypes 290
Character Datatypes 291
Numeric Datatypes 294
Date and Time Datatypes 295
Date Arithmetic 299
Binary Datatypes 301
Row ID Datatypes 302
Creating Tables 303
Naming Tables and Columns 303
Specifying Default Values for Columns 306
Adding Comments 308
Creating a Table from Another Table 308
Modifying Tables 310
Adding Columns 310
Modifying Columns 313
Renaming Columns 314
Dropping Columns 314
Dropping Tables 316
Renaming Tables 316
Making Tables Read-Only 317
Managing Constraints 319
Creating Constraints 319
Dropping Constraints 324
Enabling and Disabling Constraints 325
Deferring Constraint Checks 327
xviii Contents
Summary 331
Exam Essentials 332
Review Questions 333
Answers to Review Questions 338
Chapter 7 Creating Schema Objects 341
Creating and Modifying Views 342
Using Defined Column Names 344
Creating Views with Errors 345
Creating Read-Only Views 346
Creating Constraints on Views 347
Modifying Views 347
Dropping a View 349
Using Views 350
Creating and Managing Sequences 360
Creating and Dropping Sequences 360
Using Sequences 361
Altering Sequences 365
Creating and Managing Synonyms 366
Creating and Dropping Synonyms 367
Resolving Object References 369
Creating and Managing Indexes 371
How Indexes Work 371
Using B-Tree Indexes 372
Using Bitmap Indexes 373
Dropping Indexes 373
Summary 378
Exam Essentials 379
Review Questions 380
Answers to Review Questions 386
Part II Oracle Database 11g: Administration I 389
Chapter 8 Introducing Oracle Database 11g
Components and Architecture 391
Oracle Database Fundamentals 392
Relational Databases 393
Oracle Database 11gObjects 394
Interacting with Oracle 11g 395
Oracle 11gArchitecture 398
User Processes 400
The Oracle Instance 402
Oracle Storage Structures 415
Contents xix
Installing Oracle 11g 424
Review the Documentation 424
Review the System Requirements 424
Plan Your Install 425
Using the Oracle Universal Installer 430
Summary 440
Exam Essentials 441
Review Questions 442
Answers to Review Questions 446
Chapter 9 Creating an Oracle 11gDatabase 449
Using DBCA to Create Oracle 11gDatabases 450
Invoking the Database Configuration Assistant 451
Configuring an Oracle Database Using the DBCA 481
Deleting an Oracle Database Using the DBCA 482
Managing Database Templates Using the DBCA 483
Working with Oracle 11gMetadata 485
Data Dictionary Views 485
Dynamic Performance Views 487
Managing Initialization-Parameter Files 488
Locating the Default Parameter File 493
Modifying Initialization-Parameter Values 493
Starting Up and Shutting Down an Oracle Instance 498
Starting Up an Oracle 11gDatabase 498
Shutting Down an Oracle 11gDatabase 503
Monitoring the Database Alert Log 506
Summary 514
Exam Essentials 515
Review Questions 516
Answers to Review Questions 520
Chapter 10 Allocating Database Storage and Creating Schema
Objects 523
Tablespaces and Data Files Overview 524
Managing Tablespaces 526
Identifying Default Tablespaces 526
Creating and Maintaining Tablespaces 527
Obtaining Tablespace Information 541
Managing Data Files 546
Performing Operations on Data Files 546
Using the Oracle Managed Files Feature 550
Querying Data-File Information 555
xx Contents
Working with Schema Objects 557
A Little Background on Creating Tables 557
Working with Constraints 568
Working with Indexes 572
Summary 582
Exam Essentials 583
Review Questions 584
Answers to Review Questions 588
Chapter 11 Understanding Network Architecture 591
Introducing Network Configurations 592
Single-Tier Architecture 593
Two-Tier Architecture 593
n-Tier Architecture 594
An Overview of Oracle Net Features 595
Connectivity 596
Manageability 597
Scalability 598
Security 598
Accessibility 601
Configuring Oracle Net on the Server 601
Understanding the Oracle Listener 602
Managing Oracle Listeners 605
Dynamically Registering Services 623
Oracle Net Logging and Tracing on the Server 624
Configuring Oracle Net for the Client 626
Client-Side Names Resolution Options 626
The Host Naming Method 627
The Oracle Easy Connect Method 628
The Local Naming Method 629
Troubleshooting Client-Side Connection Problems 635
An Overview of Oracle Shared Server 637
Dedicated Server vs. Shared Server 638
Advantages and Disadvantages of Shared Server 640
Oracle Shared Server Infrastructure 641
PGA and SGA Changes When Using Oracle Shared Server 641
The Role of the Listener in an Oracle Shared Server
Environment 642
Configuring the Oracle Shared Server 644
Managing a Shared Server 649
Summary 652
Exam Essentials 653
Review Questions 655
Answers to Review Questions 659
Contents xxi
Chapter 12 Implementing Security and Auditing 661
Creating and Managing User Accounts 662
Configuring Authentication 663
Assigning Tablespaces and Quotas 664
Assigning a Profile and Account Settings 666
Removing a User from the Database 668
Managing Default User Accounts 669
Granting and Revoking Privileges 670
Granting Object Privileges 670
Granting System Privileges 674
Role Privileges 681
Applying the Principle of Least Privilege 686
Controlling Resource Usage by Users 688
Implementing Password Security Features 691
Auditing Database Activity 695
Managing Statement Auditing 696
Managing Privilege Auditing 701
Managing Object Auditing 702
Purging the Audit Trail 704
Managing Fine-Grained Auditing 705
Summary 708
Exam Essentials 709
Review Questions 710
Answers to Review Questions 715
Chapter 13 Managing Data and Undo 717
Manipulating Data through SQL 718
Using the INSERT Statement 719
Using the UPDATE Statement 721
Using the MERGE Statement 722
Using the DELETE Statement 723
Identifying PL/SQL Objects 724
Working with Functions 725
Working with Procedures 726
Working with Packages 727
Working with Triggering Events and Managing Triggers 729
Using and Administering PL/SQL Programs 733
Monitoring Locks and Resolving Lock Conflicts 735
Understanding Locks and Transactions 735
Maximizing Data Concurrency 736
Detecting and Resolving Lock Conflicts 739
Leveraging Undo Management 743
Understanding Undo Segments 743
Using Undo Data 745
Monitoring, Configuring, and Administering Undo 747
xxii Contents
Summary 755
Exam Essentials 756
Review Questions 757
Answers to Review Questions 762
Chapter 14 Maintaining the Database and
Managing Performance 765
Proactive Database Maintenance 766
Managing Optimizer Statistics 767
Gathering Performance Statistics 784
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitoring 792
The Advisory Framework 800
Monitoring Server-Generated Alerts 802
Understanding Automatic Diagnostic Repository 805
Managing Performance 810
Sources of Tuning Information 811
Compiling Invalid and Unusable Objects 815
Tuning Memory 819
Important Performance Metrics 827
Summary 830
Exam Essentials 831
Review Questions 832
Answers to Review Questions 836
Chapter 15 Implementing Database Backups 839
Understanding and Configuring Recovery Components 840
Understanding Control Files 841
Understanding Checkpoints 846
Understanding Redo Log Files 846
Understanding Archived Redo Log (ARCHIVELOG) Files 854
Understanding the Flash Recovery Area 859
Performing Backups 862
Understanding Backup Terminology 862
Backing Up the Control File 864
Backing Up the Database 868
Using RMAN to Create Backups 869
Managing Backups 876
Summary 879
Exam Essentials 880
Review Questions 882
Answers to Review Questions 886
Contents xxiii
Chapter 16 Recovering the Database 889
Understanding Types of Database Failure 890
Statement Failures 891
User-Process Failures 892
Network Failures 892
User-Error Failures 892
Instance Failures 893
Media Failures 894
Performing Recovery Operations 894
Understanding Instance Startup 895
Keeping an Instance from Failing 896
Recovering from Instance Failure 897
Tuning Instance Recovery 897
Recovering from User Errors 899
Recovering from Loss of a Control File 913
Using the Data Recovery Advisor 915
Recovering from the Loss of a Redo Log File 917
Recovering from the Loss of a Non–System-Critical
Data File 920
Recovering from the Loss of a System-Critical Data File 926
Summary 927
Exam Essentials 928
Review Questions 929
Answers to Review Questions 933
Chapter 17 Moving Data and Using EM Tools 935
Understanding Data Pump 936
Architecture of Data Pump 937
Using Data Pump Clients 940
Using the Data Pump Wizard 962
Loading Data with SQL*Loader 967
Specifying SQL*Loader Command-Line Parameters 968
Specifying Control File Options 970
Using EM to Load Data 973
Populating External Tables 974
Loading External Tables Using Data Pump 975
Loading External Tables Using Loader 977
Using EM Support Workbench 978
Identifying a Problem 979
Gathering Additional Diagnostic Information 981
Creating a Service Request 981
Packaging Diagnostic Data 983
Tracking and Closing the Incident 985
xxiv Contents
Using EM to Manage Patches 986
Using the Patch Advisor 988
Viewing the Patch Cache 990
Finding the Patch Prerequisites 991
Staging a Patch 991
Applying a Patch 993
Summary 995
Exam Essentials 995
Review Questions 997
Answers to Review Questions 1001
Appendix About the Companion CD 1003
What You’ll Find on the CD 1004
Sybex Test Engine 1004
PDF of the Book 1004
Adobe Reader 1005
Electronic Flashcards 1005
System Requirements 1005
Using the CD 1005
Troubleshooting 1006
Customer Care 1006
Glossary 1007
Index 1029
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